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article------>{"id":16,"cid":24,"subCid":"","title":"试论内劲一指禅功法功能特点","shortTitle":"0","tagId":"","attr":"1,2","articleView":null,"source":"网络","author":"余同元","description":"内劲一指禅功法动静结合、内外兼修、阴阳平衡、自成体系,既是气功百花园中的绚丽花朵,又是中医宝库中的瑰丽明珠。它不同于一般意守功法,在功法修炼和传承上别开生面,强调顺乎自然,体现自由自在的禅功理念。","img":"","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>苏州大学 余同元</b></p><p>苏州体育非物质文化遗产项目“内劲一指禅”,亦称“少林内劲一指禅”,是长期流传于江南民间的优秀传统体育项目,是吴门医派动养卫生功法的杰出代表。其功法动静结合、内外兼修、阴阳平衡、自成体系,既是气功百花园中的绚丽花朵,又是中医宝库中的瑰丽明珠。笔者有幸跟随内劲一指禅文化遗产项目传承人阙巧生先生习练站桩功法,得以拜读阙先生大作《内劲一指禅》最新修订本(人民体育出版社 \n2018 \n年初出版)。</p><p>阙先生自幼随父习功,继承父业,成为内劲一指禅第十九代掌门人。他坚持弘扬内劲一指禅功法,长期主持内劲一指禅健身咨询门诊,擅长治疗各种疑难疾病,经其治疗康复者众多,常常应邀到各地讲学、传功和调病。 </p><p> <b>1 \n内劲一指禅功法特点</b></p><p>内劲一指禅主要有三套功法构成。</p><p>第一套功法:由五个桩架组成,即罗汉推掌、掌心开合、罗汉出掌、罗汉戏球、手指扳动功法(1)等。既可以从始至终一气呵成,也可以选择其中一个桩架在马步站桩 \n30 \n分钟后锻炼,一个月后再换桩架。</p><p>第二套功法:包括弓步桩、虚步桩、丁字托塔、一字桩、童子拜佛以及手指扳动功法(2)等。此套功法增加了难度与强度,在经络开合、内劲蓄积、功力增长上更具特色。考究的桩架与程序,使人在练功时<span style=\"display: inline !important;\">进入身心最佳状态。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">第三套功法:包括罗汉弓步推掌、虎形桩、蛇形桩、龙形桩、童子拜观音、顶天立地、和手指扳动功法(3)以及禅坐等。这套功法难度加大,其功力向更高层次发展。无论从足、腿、腰功的坚实程度,还是从内劲蓄积等方面,第三套功法都进入一个新阶段。这套功法使人足实、腿健、腰固、内劲充实、取用有余,因而精力更加充沛。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">内劲一指禅奠基于一套特有的站桩功——即各种站桩功法。这些桩法以站立式为主,使躯干四肢保持一定姿势,而肌肉呈现出持续的静力性紧张状态,形成绝对运动与相对运动结合。内劲一指禅的静力性运动,既能促进血液循环,增强各个系统的新陈代谢,又能使中枢神经得到充分休息,以致思想集中,全身润泽,生机旺盛。所以通过桩功训练达到意识自然集中、呼吸自由顺达、气力生发自在,然后以心定力,以意运气,以气催力,最终形成以内气为核心动力,以神经、内脏、骨骼、肌肉、筋腱、气血灵敏协调运动为基础,以四肢躯干为整体运用形式,以意、气、力内劲融合为手段,在不断的功法套路训练中发挥内在能量。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">历经发展演变,内劲一指禅功法传承基本要求如下:</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">第一,强调桩架的正确性、到位性和引发性,务求虚实结合、动静结合、松紧结合。桩架姿势是内劲一指禅练功中的第一关,目的是由此打开关窍、疏通经络。桩架的正确或错误,直接影响人体的血液循环和新陈代谢以及神经系统的种种变化。练功时,要分辨姿势与动作的起落、神态、用意、高低、轻重和虚实;要记清举动与呼吸的部位、手法、方向、次数、长度和深度。举动要灵活自然,不僵硬,不呆板。务求动静结合,有动必有静,有静必有动;静是动的基础,动是静的表现。桩架动作的引发性,包括经穴的开启与闭合,当经穴闭合时,气血运行舒缓;一经开启,气血便会活跃、旺盛。练功中经穴开合引发内气流转,使人产生舒适感。有节律的肢体屈伸、仰俯、转动,可以促进全身经穴开合和气血流畅。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">第二,强调手指扳动的关键性、程序性和效果性。其要旨在于,按顺序要求正确扳动十个手指,借此推动内气加速运行,不断达到平衡阴阳,提高内劲。具体说来,手指足趾扳动又分“先阴后阳法”与“先阳后阴法”两步进行。“先阴后阳法”扳动手指同时按动足趾,其顺序是先扳动手太阴肺经的大拇指、手厥阴心包经的中指、手少阴心经的小指,然后再扳动手阳明大肠经的食指和手少阳三焦经的无名指;“先阳后阴法”扳动手指同时按动足趾,其顺序是先扳动手阳明大肠经的食指和手少阳三焦经的无名指,然后再扳动手太阴肺经的大拇指、手少阴心经的小指和手厥阴心包经的中指。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">第三,内劲生发就是调动内脏潜力,不强调意念导引,也不强求意守某一体位。固执意守则容易打乱内气运行规律,而不强调意守就可以保证内气自由升降出入。正所谓“归根得旨,随照失宗;须臾返照,胜却前空”。在人体生理活动中,形体属阴主静,真气属阳主动,气离形则无所依附,形无气则成为死物。阴阳互根,动静相育,形气并存,才有一派生机。 </span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\"><b> 2 \n内劲一指禅功能特点</b></span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">内劲一指禅不同于一般意守功法,在功法修炼和传承上别开生面,强调顺乎自然,体现“一无所守,心住虚空”的禅功理念。其严谨的结构,考究的桩架,分明的层次,系统的程序,显示出功法的系统、完整、安全、实效且简易的性格风貌。所谓“内劲”,指人体活动的内部能量。这种能量既是蕴藏在人体内部的某种潜力,也是指人的体内气力,亦称“内气”。它通过由浅入深且相互贯通的桩架训练,使练功者自然产生内气。这种内气与自然界的清气融为一体,构成循环之“内劲”。这种内劲可以通过功法训练激发出来,提高生命质量。内劲训练在禅门各大功法流派中都有自己的练习形式与过程,但一般都从站桩开始。科学实验表明,功力随练功时间的积累而日趋深厚,练功者体内潜力激发与功法练习质量成正比。只有坚持练习,达到外气内收或内气外放,才能蓄积内气内劲,强体祛病,健康长寿。所谓“一指禅”,即扳指运动,为手指扳动的指法特称。就是按顺序、有规律、按时间、有节奏地扳动手指,且同时按动十足趾,充分调动十二经脉的内气运行,促进经络疏通,使体内阴阳达到平衡。这套练习以手指缓慢升降的运动为中介,通过手指训练而达到激发身体潜能之目的,独具特色且具关键意义。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">其中“禅”,原指安定止息排除杂念之意,但在内劲一指禅练习过程中,不强调意守和入静,不固执常理,而以源自自身的内气内劲升发,作为自我强健的方便法门。禅定功法树大根深,生生不息,原本是一种原态生命力的生发。“止动归止,止更弥动”;“莫逐有缘,勿住空忍”,内劲一指禅的“禅”,既是一种安定训练环境中的“锻炼状态”,又是一种自然而然的气劲“生发状态”。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">处于这种“生发状态”中的练习者,其意念活动、呼吸运动、以及血液循环等,都以自然状态为主导 \n, 动静结合,阴阳平衡,遵循人体气血运行规律,自动产生大脑皮质抑制作用,调动脏腑运行潜力(即“内劲”), \n再由内劲产生真气并培植元气。如《庄子》所说:“至人用心若镜,不将不迎,应而不藏。” \n真气即真元之气,由先天元气和后天元气结合而成。其从足下产生,走行十二经脉,打通奇经八脉,气机进入血脉,深入脏腑,注入筋骨,形成内外气循环。依中医理论,它是维持人体生命活动最基本的物质,人之有生,全赖此气。真气清静平淡,自然而然,不断补益脑髓,使大脑能量增强,内分泌协调而旺盛。功夫越深,对生理机能调节越好。所以传统中医视真气为“性命双修”之气,正如《素问》所云:“恬惔虚无,真气从之;精神内守,病安从来?”</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">内劲自然生发、轻松简明、老少皆宜,在众多动养保健功法中最具大众性、便捷性和实用性。人体各个部位在大脑皮层里都有相应的机能定位,手指足趾首先就是大脑皮层的感受器。从经络学角度讲,人的手指联系着三阴三阳六条经脉;同样,人的足趾也联系着三阴三阳六条经脉。每条经脉都有井、荣、输、经、合五种经穴,脉气正是从这里内行归合到脏腑。人的手指既是手三阳经脉的起点又是手三阴经脉的终点;人的足趾既是足三阴经脉的终点又是足三阳经脉的起点。由此可见内劲一指禅手指扳动功法的生理原理和按序练习的科学根据。正所谓“能随境灭,境逐能沉;境由能境,能由境能”是也。按序扳动某一手指,就会引起相应经络启动,可以充实、聚积内气,促进气血运行,联动脏腑,营养全身。凡是经过刻苦练功者,内气充足,气满督自开。此时扳动一手指同时按动一足趾,犹如按动生命开关,内劲活力自然生发。 </span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\"><b> 3 \n内劲一指禅功理渊源</b></span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">内劲一指禅原由菩提达摩首创于嵩山少林寺,后传至南少林薪火不断,再传至江南吴地发展完善。苏州渭塘阙阿水(1918—1982)先生是内劲一指禅第十八代传人。以此向前推算,内劲一指禅功法形成时间,大约在中国传统养生文化高度发展的明代中后期。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">明代中期到清代中期,江南社会经济发达,伴随养生保健市场的繁荣,先后出现了罗洪先的《万寿仙书》、周履靖的《赤风髓》、胡文焕的《养生保养法》、紫凝道人《易筋经》(后演为《少林易筋经》《练功图说》等)、尤乘的《寿世青编》、颜伟的《延年九转法》等养生专著。特别是吴门医派对传统中医理论进行发挥,结合明清之际传入的西方生命科学,探讨生命本源,创新气化生命科学,提出了“先后天元气互本论”“元质元神论”“血气互化论”“卫气营血论”及“体质类型论”等新生命学说,从而构建出一个完备的生命本体论及生命发展论体系,形成了有自身特色的动养静养中医理论技术体系。正是在这样的环境熏染下,内劲一指禅成为一门独特的动养保健功法。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">内劲一指禅“内劲生发”与“培植元气”的认识,既与吴门医派“元气存亡论”及“卫气营血论”彼此互应,又有自己的返本开新和推陈出新精神。吴门医派徐大椿《元气存亡论》曾指出,元气就是真气。气在阳部即阳气,气在阴部即阴气,气在表层就是卫气,气在里层就是营气;在脾脏的气是充气,在胃部的气为胃气,在上焦的气是上气,在中焦的气是中气,在下焦的气是元阴和元阳之气。这些不同名称的气都是 \n“元气”的各种变化,这些变化的出现,是因为“元气” \n运行时途经人体不同部位和不同脏腑,所到之处都会加强这些部位与脏腑的运营力量。吴门医派叶天士认为,生命在不同阶段有不同主宰,先天元气无形无质,在胎儿时已经成形;人身成形后,以后天脾胃气血为本,后天可助先天。在此基础上,内劲一指禅认为,静力性运动是对脏腑的有效锻炼,使淋巴细胞增殖,产生免疫作用;练功者把身体重心放在涌泉穴上,促使足心毛细血管开放、充血代谢;站桩时间越长,毛细血管开放越多,下肢以及腹腔静脉血回流心脏加快,循环系统功能加强;同时由于副交感神经相对兴奋,脏腑循环系统运转加快,身体发热出汗,唾液分泌增多,血管容积增大,细胞电泳增高。经穴是经络、脏腑气血输注的地方,其开启与闭合运动原理,正应验了吴门医派气血在经脉中运行的盛衰变化理论。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">内劲(内气)养生护生的长期实践证明,“站桩”“扳指”协调呼吸、消化、内分泌以及循环系统运营,使各个系统在神经系统支配下达到和谐,使循环系统参与营养和氧气吸收,推动代谢物的运输和排泄。作为中华民族的优秀体育文化遗产,内劲一指禅具有文化传承创新与健康健美长寿追求的双重价值。该功法秉承了中国传统的阴阳学说和气血学说,体现了中国传统生命哲学和生命科学的文化特色。它与儒家心性修养观、佛教调息调身理念和道教吐纳导引法都是一脉相承的关系,同时又融汇吴门医派的中医生命观,在传承中形成了自身独特的功理和功法。它通过合理的肢体动作编排,结合动静交替的训练过程,从而调动人体内气和内劲。它动作柔和、速度平缓,且结合手足指交替升降的扳指运动,来协调内脏器官活动,促进人体微循环扩张,加强血液流畅,改善身体内部循环。由此可见,通过内劲一指禅锻炼强化气血,使脏腑功能健壮和身体免疫力提高,从而促进阴阳平衡,必能获得健康健美长寿之效果。同时,内劲一指禅修炼中规定有明确的道德规范守则,强调身心双修,以良心善意为内气和内劲之源头活水,要求功法练习与诚实善良的心理修养相统一,这些无不渗透着中华民族优秀道德和生命信仰。</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\">参考文献: \n[1] 阙巧生 , 著 . 内劲一指禅 [M]. 北京 : 人民体育出版社 ,2018. [2] 阙巧生 , 杨春和 , 张国平 , 编著 . 罗汉神功 \n[M]. 长春 : 长春出版社 1990:1-21. [3] 禅宗三祖僧璨《信心铭》, 引自宋僧道原《景德传灯录》卷三 , \n中国藏学出版社净慧主编《中国灯录全书》1993 年版 .</span></p><p><span style=\"display: inline !important;\"></span></p><p>作者简介:余同元 (1962~), 男 , 博士 , 教授。研究方向 : 民族传统体育学。</p><p><br></p>","status":0,"pv":2277,"link":"1","createdAt":"2018-06-28T17:25:40.000Z","updatedAt":"2024-12-29T14:41:54.000Z","field":{},"tags":[]}
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