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article------>{"id":94,"cid":13,"subCid":"","title":"调身","shortTitle":"0","tagId":"","attr":"2","articleView":null,"source":"网络","author":"admin","description":"调身,就是自觉地调整身体姿势或进行一定的动作,也称炼形,是入门的功夫","img":"","content":"<p>如何调身</p><p>所谓调身,就是自觉地调整身体姿势或进行一定的动作,也称炼形。这在气功锻炼中是入门的功夫。它的重要作用在于动中求静,入静养神,调息养气,具有畅达气血、疏通经脉、强体壮力、柔筋健骨的作用。其特定的姿势本身有一定的保健和治疗作用。如站式可改善高血压、神经衰弱病人的某些症状;静坐和静卧可调节高级神经系统机能,消除紧张和疲劳。</p><p>调身的方法</p><p>调身的方法不外姿势与动作两方面的调控。归纳起来,为坐、卧、站、走四种。从动作方面看可概括为屈伸俯仰,升降开合,转摇跑跳。总之,不外动静松紧的调节。</p><p>1、坐式</p><p>坐式要求是“坐如钟”,要坐得平稳中正。</p><p>(1)平坐式:选择高度适当的凳、椅或床,臀部三分之一或二分之一平坐其上,要平稳;头略前倾,口眼轻闭,上身正直,虚颌顶颈,含胸拔背,沉肩坠肘,腰腹放松,两脚踏地,平行分开与肩同宽,膝关节呈90°,十指松展,掌心向下,放置于大腿上。平坐为坐式中最常用的一种。除体质极度虚弱者不能平坐外,一般慢性病人和身体健康者,均可采用。高年体弱者可与靠坐式、卧式交替应用。</p><p>(2)靠坐式:上身靠坐在靠背椅或沙发上,其他要求与平坐相仿,但双下肢可以略伸出。靠坐式适用于年老体弱不能平坐者,或与平坐式交替使用。</p><p>(3)盘坐式:盘坐因下肢较为紧张,有利于头部和上身放松,故也有助于整体的放松入静。盘坐式又可分以下几种形式。</p><p>自然盘坐:上身与平坐式相似,身体略向前倾,臀部略垫高,两小腿自然交叉相盘成八字形,左右上下任便。两手轻握置腹前,或分别轻放于同侧大腿上。</p><p>单盘坐式:左足置于右路上,或右足置于左路上。其余均同自然盘坐。</p><p>双盘坐式:左足置于右腿上,同时右足置于左腿上,两足心、手心、头顶心(合称五心)朝天。基本要求同自然盘坐。双盘坐易诱导入静,而不致昏沉,但一般人不易做到,年老体弱者,则更难实施。</p><p>(4)跪坐式:两膝着地,脚掌朝上,身体自然坐于脚掌上,两手轻握置于腹前。其他同平坐式。</p><p>2、卧式</p><p>卧式以侧卧为重点,要求是“卧如弓”,即充分放松,人体生理自然弯曲状态正是放松状态。</p><p>(1)仰卧式:自然平躺在床上,口眼轻闭,头置于枕头上,枕头高低以头颈部舒适为度。四肢自然伸直,两脚间隔与肩同宽,脚尖自然稍向外分开。两手分置于身侧或相叠于腹部(男右手在下,女左手在下)。此式适宜于体弱及临睡前练功,但容易入睡或昏沉而影响练功质量。</p><p>(2)侧卧式:侧卧于床上,左右皆可,但以右侧卧为宜。枕高适中,以颈部舒适放松为度,头略向胸收,使颈部放松,躯干微曲,呈含胸拔背之势,上侧手臂自然伸直,五指松开,掌心向下,置于同侧髋部;下侧手臂自然屈肘,掌心向上,放手枕上,距头约10厘米左右。下肢大腿略前屈,小腿自然伸直,上侧腿轻轻叠放于上,屈膝约成120°角。本式适宜体弱或不习惯仰卧的人选用。侧卧时腹肌较松,有助于形成腹式呼吸。</p><p>(3)三接式:侧卧(左右皆可),下侧手掌以劳宫穴按在上侧手肘部的曲池穴,上侧的腿屈膝靠正腹部,轻放在下侧腿上,下侧大腿自然伸直,上侧掌心接于上侧膝部之鹤顶穴,上侧足心之涌泉穴接在下侧膝部的鹤顶穴。此式适用于体质虚弱、中气下陷的脏器下垂病者,亦易于形成腹式呼吸。</p><p>(4)半卧式:在仰卧的基础上,将上半身及头部垫高,使之与床面成45°角左右。其余要求同仰卧式。本式适用于心脏病、哮喘、慢性支气管炎及其他不能平卧者。</p><p>卧式对锻炼腹式呼吸,加强胃肠活动,改善肠胃功能比坐、站、行诸式为好。平卧式和坐式对放松入静较为有益。</p><p>3、站式</p><p>站式又称站桩,是武术训练的基本功。要做到“立如松”,足心吸地如大树,整个身体正直平稳。</p><p>(1)自然式:是最基本的站式。两腿自然分开与肩同宽,两足平行踏地,两膝微屈,重心落在两脚心,上肢自然下垂于体侧,其余按对各部位身形的要求做,全身放松入静。</p><p>(2)三圆式:两腿自然分开,与肩同宽,两足尖内收呈内“八”字,两膝顺着足尖方向微微弯曲。双臂平于乳部,作环抱树干状。两掌相对,相距约20厘米,手指呈握球状,形似虎爪。肩关节微垂勿耸起,呈自然伸展,肘关节略低于肩关节。其余按自然式的要求。此式“足圆、手圆、臂圆”,故称三圆式。手臂的高低,架势的高低,可灵活调节,以控制运动量大小。要求双臂外抱内撑,神气贯顶,足心吸地,配合呼吸,“吐如落雁,纳如起飞”,则有飘飘然之感。</p><p>(3)下按式:两脚平行分开,与肩同宽,双臂自然下垂于体侧,手指向前伸直,掌下有意下按,余同三圆式。</p><p>(4)伏虎式:先左腿在前,右腿在后,站成丁字形,身体稍下蹲,如骑马状,两足相距1.5米左右,左手伸出稍屈,顺放在左膝上方约10厘米处,右手竖在右膝上方约10厘米处,与臂弯成45°角,其意似左手挽着虎头,右手把着虎座,眼向左前方注视,头顶竖立。右腿在前时,与上述姿势相反。本式具有强筋壮骨作用。</p><p>站式易引气下行,对高血压、青光眼、神经衰弱及其他有阳亢症状的患者较为适用。</p><p>4、走式</p><p>走式要求轻灵,即所谓“行如风”。</p><p>(1)太极步:身体自然直立,两足分开成平行步,两手交叠于小腹上。先以左足前移一小步,左足跟着地,足尖朝上,左膝自然挺直;同时右膝微屈下蹲。然后左足掌全部着地,膝稍向前弓出,下半身随之前倾,右腿自然挺直。再慢慢提起右腿,向前移动,与左足平行,右足尖轻轻点地,同时膝稍弯曲,此时重心在左足。随之右足前移一小步,以后各动作又重复同前。左右交替前进。行走时两眼睁开,平视正前方,或向下看足尖,头部正直,松肩坠肘,上半身要自然舒适。太极步每次可走20~30步。该式能增强下肢运动,适宜于老年人进行腰腿部锻炼,以防“人老腿先衰”。</p><p>(2)行步功:有新气功疗法、气功自控疗法等。</p><p>以上各式是练功时最常用的姿势,各有其特点和作用。应用时可根据练功者的体质、病情及功夫的深浅程度,结合各自的其他条件加以选择。卧式易于放松入静,虽有导致昏沉入睡的缺点,但练功时机体代谢率明显降低,因而对久病体弱者最为适用;坐式方便,易于放松入静和气沉丹田,又能导引气血下降,使部分肌肉处于静力性收缩状态,有一定强壮作用,故为一般气功入门者和病人所习用;站式练功有强筋壮骨的作用,还可避免坐卧两式易于昏沉的缺点,保持醒觉,易于以意引气,且又便于各种辅助手段的施行。但一般而言,初学气功者,应先练坐式(平坐),并辅以卧式,待有一定基础后,再采用站式,也有人主张,待站式练至一定程度后,再重新回至坐式——盘坐。</p><p>气功调身往往与调息、调心相结合。至于各种动功中的动作,则更应注意同意念、呼吸的配合,并服务于调心、调息及内气运行的需要。只有这样才能做到将“三调”有机地融为一体,而达到气功祛病延年、开发潜能之效。</p><p>调身的要求</p><p>形体乃气之所依,意之所寄,是生命的支柱。练功必须保持形正体松。形正即姿势的正确和动作的准确优美;体松是肌肉松紧的灵活调整,刚柔相济,紧中求松,松而不懈。形正则气顺,体松则气活,于是才能生势生神。</p><p>如何调息</p><p>调息是自觉地意守呼吸或调控呼吸,以达到和气养生的目的。它是练功的重要环节和方法。就其实质而言,就是应用意念,去改变呼吸的节律、频率和深度,从而来调和阴阳,协调脏腑,疏通经络。</p><p>调息的重要性</p><p>初步的实验研究已经证明,调息对机体植物神经系统有明显的调节作用,呼吸的变化也可以通过影响呼吸中枢,进而调整交感神经、副交感神经的张力,最终达到调整相应内脏器官(组织)的功能。调息的重要意义还在于作为调心的重要手段,可寄心于息,使心息相依,意气相随,气血调畅,五志舒和。如此则气机升降出入正常,才能健脾养气保精养神。</p><p>调息的方法</p><p>气功调息方法很多,概括起来不外口鼻的运用,呼吸肌的运用,意念的配合,动作的配合,读字的配合,呼吸时相和呼吸速度的调节等。应用时可根据功法和练功者的具体情况而选择。</p><p>1、自然呼吸法</p><p>由于人们的习惯不同及男女生理上的差异,自然呼吸可分为胸式、腹式及胸腹混合式三种形式。成年男子以腹式呼吸多见;女子以胸式呼吸较多;运动员、演员、歌唱家则多是腹式呼吸。初练气功者,一般采用自然呼吸。即在平时习惯的自然呼吸的基础上,身体放松入静,然后将呼吸调整得柔细、匀畅、自然。开始调息时,可采用吸气时默念“静”字,呼气时默念“松”字,以助调息入静。</p><p>2、鼻吸口呼法</p><p>有口吸鼻呼法、鼻吸鼻呼法、口吸口呼法。在练功时多采用鼻吸鼻呼法或鼻吸口呼法。鼻吸鼻呼法多用于静功,太极气功、行步功等多采用鼻吸口呼法。有少数练功者,因鼻病、感冒及其他疾病时,偶然以口代替鼻呼吸,但口宜微张。除此之外,口吸鼻呼与口吸口呼法均不宜提倡。</p><p>3、大呼大吸法</p><p>用鼻使劲地大呼大吸,或以鼻使劲地吸气,用口呼气,每一呼一吸要求尽量延长时间,并且还要求发出呼吸声,以达到“出入有声”。该法对增强体质,调动机体内气,以及对某些慢性病有一定的治疗作用。在学练此法时,声音应从小到大,并注意在空气新鲜的旷野地带锻炼。</p><p>4、练呼练吸法</p><p>古人讲“凡入气为阴,出气为阳”,因此‘阳微者不能呼,阴微者不能吸”。说明应用练呼法或练吸法要注意阴阳辨证。一般而言,练呼对上实下虚的高血压、肺气肿、青光眼以及头痛、头胀、胸腹胀满者较为适用:练吸对某些胃肠功能差、阳虚怕冷者较为合适。练呼可采用延长呼气,呼——停——吸,呼后念字等法,以加强呼气,延长呼气时相;练吸时,可采用延长吸气,吸——停——呼,吸后念字等方法,以突出吸气。</p><p>5、腹式呼吸</p><p>这是气功调息中最常用的呼吸方法。它有利于内气的聚集、贮存与调动。腹式呼吸一般分为自然腹式呼吸和深长腹式呼吸,后者由前者过渡而来。深长腹式呼吸又可分顺式和逆式两种。吸气时腹肌放松,随着横膈的下降,腹前壁逐渐鼓起;呼气时腹肌收缩,腹壁回缩或稍凹进,横膈也随之上升到原来水平,此为顺式腹式呼吸(生理学上称为等容呼吸)。逆式腹式呼吸(也称变容呼吸)则相反,吸气时腹肌收缩,腹壁回缩呈凹状,加之横膈收缩向腹腔下降,使腹腔容积变小,呼气时腹肌放松,腹部隆起,横膈也上升,使腹腔容积变大。故逆式腹式呼吸对腹部脏器的压力影响较大,因而对促进气血运行,提升阳气,改善肠胃功能有较大的帮助,适用于内脏下垂、肠胃功能失调者。但对年老体虚及高血压患者,各类心脏病患者和孕妇均应慎用或禁用。另外,逆式腹式呼吸难度较高,初练者不宜马上应用。</p><p>6、提肛呼吸</p><p>吸气时有意识地使会阴部肌肉收缩,呼气时放松会阴部。一般在练周天功时需配合提肛呼吸,其他静功也可择时选用。提肛呼吸可用于治疗中气下陷的各种疾病,如内脏下垂及脱肛、痔疮等,如同时配合逆式腹式呼吸,则效果更佳。</p><p>7、潜呼吸、丹田呼吸、脐呼吸</p><p>潜呼吸是一种在腹式呼吸锻炼功夫较深的基础上, \n自然出现的一种呼吸方法。其特点是经长年累月的腹式呼吸的有意起伏,小腹因惯性作用,而不须借助意念和外力,在高度寂静中,微微起伏。此时吸气绵绵,呼气微微,息息均匀,故谓潜呼吸。若从外表上看,呼吸似乎停止,而丹田一开一合,与口鼻一呼一吸自然配合,很有节奏,犹如丹田在控制着口鼻呼吸似的,则名丹田呼吸。如果腹部几乎不动,而想象呼吸从脐部出入,则称“胎息”。此时神入气中,气包神外,结成一团,功夫进入更高境界。</p><p>8、体呼吸</p><p>体呼吸是在丹田呼吸的基础上结合以意引气,或配合一些动作形成的一种“开合呼吸”、“毫毛呼吸”。当“丹田呼吸”成熟时,口鼻呼吸就逐渐微细起来而近乎“若有若无,若存若止”的状态,亦即在万念泯灭的情况下,惟有丹田处一起一伏,一开一合,一呼一吸。此时稍加意识导引,吸气时想象气从体外向丹田收合,毛孔也渐合;呼气时意想气从丹田向外扩散,毛孔也渐开。如此一开一合,一呼一吸交替进行,则有云蒸雾散,气从体表出入的感觉,此时体表皮肤有温热感,也可见到微微汗出。若同时用两手两膝配合意识和呼吸的开合,做一张一收的动作,则收效更佳。</p><p>9、发音呼吸法</p><p>即在呼气或吸气时配合吐字发音,以加强气功的外用。在具体应用时,有的配合呼气时发音,以泻其实,如呼气六字诀;也有的配合吸气时发音,以加强补虚强身之效,如吐纳导引功中的“山根纳气”法。</p><p>调息的要求</p><p>气功的调息对动功来说,要求顺其自然,呼吸与动作同步;对静功来说,则大多要求柔、细、匀、长。正确的调息方法对人体的内、外呼吸产生良好的影响,而不正确的调息,则有产生偏差之虞。古人对调息的要求非常严格,在内丹术中更是倍受重视。</p><p>对于初学静功者,放松入静和姿势正确舒适是前提。也就是说,开始时要使身心安宁,形体放松和姿势正确,然后调整呼吸。如果一开始就练呼吸,由于“形不正则气不顺,气不顺则意不宁”,意不宁则形乱气散,反会出现胸闷、心烦、气乱的弊病。</p><p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</p><p>呼吸锻炼的基本要求是“须顺其自然,勿听其自然”,健康人的呼吸是自然的,而人体处于松静的气功状态下,气息的出入,应该极细极轻,连自己的耳朵也听不到出入的声音。气息慢慢地加深,注意要在自然中形成,不能刻意追求,用意而不用力。久之,自然呼吸就能过渡到深、长、细、匀的状态,不调息而息自调。</p><p><br></p>","status":0,"pv":1040,"link":"1","createdAt":"2018-07-04T00:54:06.000Z","updatedAt":"2024-12-21T04:36:02.000Z","field":{},"tags":[]}
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