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气”话连篇66 | 隋唐五代“功力”盛

"2022-02-08T03:16:46.000Z" admin 阅读(676)

「导读」隋唐五代从公元581年至960年,在这近400年的历史中,气功发展呈现出几个特点:一是气功医疗更加完善;二是内丹术开始兴起;三是气功理论日趋系统。

“气”话连篇六十六——

隋唐五代“功力”盛

隋唐五代从公元581年至960年,在这近400年的历史中,气功发展呈现出几个特点:一是气功医疗更加完善;二是内丹术开始兴起;三是气功理论日趋系统。

1、气功医疗方面

《诸病源候论》《备急千金要方》《外台秘要》是隋唐时期的三大经典医著,其中有不少气功内容。

由太医令巢元方领衔编写的《诸病源候论》,既是一部中医病因病机专著,也是一部医学气功的专著,该书的最大特点是,疾病论治只讲被称之为导引的气功疗法,而不提方药、针灸等其他方法,作者对此的解释是,“其烫熨针石,别有正方,补养宣导,今附于后”。全书辑录了现已佚的“养生方导引法”或“养生法”289条,删去76条重复者,共计213种导引法,用以治疗110种病候。其中的多数病候还介绍了多种导引法,最多的可达十几种,体现了中医气功学辨证施功的重要特点。书中介绍的导引法三调具备,形式多样,内容丰富。调身内容几乎贯穿于所有导引法中,姿势多样,坐卧立行,各有多种变化。调息内容亦丰,除一般呼吸外,闭气不息运用较多,还有数息法、发声呼吸法等。调心有“瞑心”“静心”等入静法;以意导气,从某部位入到某部位出的意念活动较多;意守、存想等法也常用,如多处提及“内视丹田”“存心念五脏”“思心气上下四布”等。

《备急千金要方》是“药王”孙思邈的代表作,气功内容主要集中于该书的《养性》卷的“调气法”“按摩法”两节中。“调气法”主要介绍闭气法、六字气诀、禅观法等静功:闭气法的基本操作是,“仰卧……舒手展脚,两手握大拇指节……数数叩齿饮玉浆,引气从鼻入腹……久住气闷,从口细细吐出尽,还从鼻细细引入,出气一准前法”。六字气诀,则是在《养性延命录》的基础上,在应用方面稍由发展。禅观法是在佛教宝瓶气法的基础上发展而来的,“闭目存思,想见空中太和元气,如紫云成盖,无色分明,下入毛际,渐渐入顶,如雨初晴云入山,透皮入肉,至骨至脑,渐渐下入腹中,四肢五脏,皆受其润,如水渗入地若彻,则觉腹中有声汨汨然”。可见,这是一则比较典型的存想派功法。“按摩法”介绍了天竺按摩法、老子按摩法两套导引派功法。

王焘于公元752年编著的《外台秘要》,在气功方面,不但原样录入《诸病源候论》中有关疾病的养生导引方法,还补充了若干锻炼方法。

此外,隋唐时代包括导引在内的按摩疗法颇受重视,在太医署内设有按摩科,按摩科是一个综合性的临床科室,可能包括现在的推拿、气功、骨伤科3个科。

2、气功理论方面

气功学中的基本术语,如“气功”“调息”“调心”“调身”“八触”“入静”等,大致上多出于这个时期。

“气功”一词,按照刘天君等的研究,其出于晋代道士许逊所著的《净明宗教录》,但马济人认为此书系伪托,“气功”一词始见于隋代的一些道教书籍,如:《太清调气经》的“服气功余暇,取静室无人处,散发脱衣……”;《延陵先生集新旧服气经》的“每咽服气功余暇,取一静室无人处,散发脱衣……”;《中山玉柜服气经》的“气功妙篇,气术之道数略同……”参见《说古道今话“气”名》。

“调息”“调心”“调身”见于《童蒙止观》的“调五和”;将练功中痛、痒、冷、暖、轻、重、涩、滑等常见感觉,归纳为“八触”,也始见于《童蒙止观》;此外,该书还将《安般守意经》提出的“呼吸四相”加以发挥,认为,将风相、喘相、气相三种“不调相”练成“调相”(息相)是气功调息的主要内容之一。参见《佛家修持常涉“功”》《呼吸四相不可混》。

“入静”一词在唐代开始使用,如《灵飨词序》的“修炼之士,当须入三静关,淘炼神气,补续年命”。

3、内丹术方面

内丹是相对外丹而言的,“气能存内,内丹也;药能固形,外丹也”(《通幽诀》)。由于历代不少皇帝与大臣皆因服食丹药(外丹)中毒而死,所以人们开始希望以自己的内练来取得防病治病、延年益寿的效果。正是在这样一种背景下,内丹术在前人摸索实践的基础上,于隋唐时期开始兴起。

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article------>{"id":779,"cid":1,"subCid":"","title":"气”话连篇66 | 隋唐五代“功力”盛","shortTitle":"0","tagId":"","attr":"1,2","articleView":null,"source":"网络","author":"admin","description":"隋唐五代从公元581年至960年,在这近400年的历史中,气功发展呈现出几个特点:一是气功医疗更加完善;二是内丹术开始兴起;三是气功理论日趋系统。","img":"","content":"<p>“气”话连篇六十六——</p><p>隋唐五代“功力”盛</p><p>隋唐五代从公元581年至960年,在这近400年的历史中,气功发展呈现出几个特点:一是气功医疗更加完善;二是内丹术开始兴起;三是气功理论日趋系统。</p><p>1、气功医疗方面</p><p>《诸病源候论》《备急千金要方》《外台秘要》是隋唐时期的三大经典医著,其中有不少气功内容。</p><p>由太医令巢元方领衔编写的《诸病源候论》,既是一部中医病因病机专著,也是一部医学气功的专著,该书的最大特点是,疾病论治只讲被称之为导引的气功疗法,而不提方药、针灸等其他方法,作者对此的解释是,“其烫熨针石,别有正方,补养宣导,今附于后”。全书辑录了现已佚的“养生方导引法”或“养生法”289条,删去76条重复者,共计213种导引法,用以治疗110种病候。其中的多数病候还介绍了多种导引法,最多的可达十几种,体现了中医气功学辨证施功的重要特点。书中介绍的导引法三调具备,形式多样,内容丰富。调身内容几乎贯穿于所有导引法中,姿势多样,坐卧立行,各有多种变化。调息内容亦丰,除一般呼吸外,闭气不息运用较多,还有数息法、发声呼吸法等。调心有“瞑心”“静心”等入静法;以意导气,从某部位入到某部位出的意念活动较多;意守、存想等法也常用,如多处提及“内视丹田”“存心念五脏”“思心气上下四布”等。</p><p>《备急千金要方》是“药王”孙思邈的代表作,气功内容主要集中于该书的《养性》卷的“调气法”“按摩法”两节中。“调气法”主要介绍闭气法、六字气诀、禅观法等静功:闭气法的基本操作是,“仰卧……舒手展脚,两手握大拇指节……数数叩齿饮玉浆,引气从鼻入腹……久住气闷,从口细细吐出尽,还从鼻细细引入,出气一准前法”。六字气诀,则是在《养性延命录》的基础上,在应用方面稍由发展。禅观法是在佛教宝瓶气法的基础上发展而来的,“闭目存思,想见空中太和元气,如紫云成盖,无色分明,下入毛际,渐渐入顶,如雨初晴云入山,透皮入肉,至骨至脑,渐渐下入腹中,四肢五脏,皆受其润,如水渗入地若彻,则觉腹中有声汨汨然”。可见,这是一则比较典型的存想派功法。“按摩法”介绍了天竺按摩法、老子按摩法两套导引派功法。</p><p>王焘于公元752年编著的《外台秘要》,在气功方面,不但原样录入《诸病源候论》中有关疾病的养生导引方法,还补充了若干锻炼方法。</p><p>此外,隋唐时代包括导引在内的按摩疗法颇受重视,在太医署内设有按摩科,按摩科是一个综合性的临床科室,可能包括现在的推拿、气功、骨伤科3个科。</p><p>2、气功理论方面</p><p>气功学中的基本术语,如“气功”“调息”“调心”“调身”“八触”“入静”等,大致上多出于这个时期。</p><p>“气功”一词,按照刘天君等的研究,其出于晋代道士许逊所著的《净明宗教录》,但马济人认为此书系伪托,“气功”一词始见于隋代的一些道教书籍,如:《太清调气经》的“服气功余暇,取静室无人处,散发脱衣……”;《延陵先生集新旧服气经》的“每咽服气功余暇,取一静室无人处,散发脱衣……”;《中山玉柜服气经》的“气功妙篇,气术之道数略同……”参见《说古道今话“气”名》。</p><p>“调息”“调心”“调身”见于《童蒙止观》的“调五和”;将练功中痛、痒、冷、暖、轻、重、涩、滑等常见感觉,归纳为“八触”,也始见于《童蒙止观》;此外,该书还将《安般守意经》提出的“呼吸四相”加以发挥,认为,将风相、喘相、气相三种“不调相”练成“调相”(息相)是气功调息的主要内容之一。参见《佛家修持常涉“功”》《呼吸四相不可混》。</p><p>“入静”一词在唐代开始使用,如《灵飨词序》的“修炼之士,当须入三静关,淘炼神气,补续年命”。</p><p>3、内丹术方面</p><p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</p><p>内丹是相对外丹而言的,“气能存内,内丹也;药能固形,外丹也”(《通幽诀》)。由于历代不少皇帝与大臣皆因服食丹药(外丹)中毒而死,所以人们开始希望以自己的内练来取得防病治病、延年益寿的效果。正是在这样一种背景下,内丹术在前人摸索实践的基础上,于隋唐时期开始兴起。</p>","status":0,"pv":676,"link":"1","createdAt":"2022-02-08T03:16:46.000Z","updatedAt":"2024-12-21T04:00:45.000Z","field":{},"tags":[]}

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