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“气”话连篇63 | 秦及先秦“功业”建

"2022-01-12T05:34:29.000Z" admin 阅读(695)

「导读」秦,指秦代,为公元前221年至公元前207年;先秦,是指秦代(公元前221年)之前,也就是泛指秦代之前。这一时期学界出现了“诸子蜂起,百家争鸣”的局面,古代气功随之得到发展。

“气”话连篇六十三——

秦及先秦“功业”建

秦,指秦代,为公元前221年至公元前207年;先秦,是指秦代(公元前221年)之前,也就是泛指秦代之前。这一时期学界出现了“诸子蜂起,百家争鸣”的局面,古代气功随之得到发展。

1、医家

这一时期医学与气功结合的最好例证是《黄帝内经》对气功的论述,由于前面已经介绍了《内经》对气功的贡献,这里我们不再详述,仅作提要如下:①确立了气功的医疗地位,将气功(书中称为“导引”)与药物(书中称为“毒药”)、针灸(书中分为九针、灸焫两法)、砭石(相当于如今的外科疗法)并列,作为当时五大医疗措施;②论述了气功的起源地域,认为“导引按蹻者,亦从中央出也”,按:这里所说的“中央”基本是指黄河中下游地区;③在理论上,提出了“呼吸精气,独立守神,肌肉若一”的练功三大原则,及“恬惔虚无,真气从之,精神内守,病安从来”的气功作用机理;④以“息积”病证为例,开创了气功与药物合用的先例,认为治疗该病当“导引服药,药不能独治也”。

除《内经》外,在其他有关书籍中也有医家以气功治病的记载。如:《史记》载中有扁鹊在救治濒死的虢太子时,综合应用了包括气功在内的挢引等方法;《春秋左传》载有医和对气的论述。

2、道家

道家“祖宗”老子、庄子对气功都有研究,而且从多个角度对气功理论、功法展开论述。老子在《道德经》中的论述,至今仍然被广泛应用,如“虚其心,实其腹”“绵绵若存,用之不勤”“致虚极,守静笃”“专气致柔,能如婴儿乎”等。庄子在《庄子》中对气功的论述也很丰富,如:在静养方面,提出“窈窈冥冥,至道之极,昏昏默默,无视无听,抱神以静,形将自正,必静必清,无劳汝形,无摇汝精,乃可以长生;目无所见,耳无所闻,心无所知,汝神将守形,形乃长生”;在动静结合方面,讲述了“吹呴呼吸,吐故纳新,熊经鸟申,为寿而已矣。此导引之士,养形之人,彭祖寿考者之所好也”;在功法方面,记载了孔子喜爱的心斋、颜回钟情的坐忘等。

3、儒家

儒家的孔子、孟子及其学生均对气功有不少实践和妙论。简单地说:孔子喜爱心斋,“若一志,无听之以耳,而听之以心,无听之以心,而听之以气。耳止于听,心止于符。气也者,虚而待物者也。唯道集虚,虚者心斋也”;孔子的大弟子颜回钟情坐忘,“堕肢体,黜聪明,离形去知,同于大通,此谓坐忘”;孟子重视功德修养,主张“养浩然之气”。但是,为什么孔子、颜回的功法仅见于道家的《庄子》,而不见于儒家诸书?对这一不寻常的现象,不知道同仁是否注意过。

4、其他诸家

除医、道、儒家外,其他各家对气功也有不少论述,如:法家的管仲在《管子》中提出了“人主安静”的思想及“精也者,气之精者也”的精气关系论,韩非在《韩非子》中有“圣人爱精神,而贵处静”“虚静无为,道之情也”的记载;杂家吕不韦《吕氏春秋》中“精神安乎形,而年寿得长焉”的静神说、“流水不腐,户枢不蠹”的动形说、“宜动则静,宜静者动”的辩证观,至今仍被气功研究者经常引用。

5、文物与传说

被认为气功史上最早具体描写练功方法的文物行气玉佩铭,据考也诞生于这一时期,郭沫若先生认为,其上面的45字铭文描写的“是深呼吸的一个回合”,并认为,其实质是“古人讲的导引,即今人所说的气功”。有兴趣者,可以参见之前发的《玉佩铭文论行气》。


彭祖、赤松子、王乔是这个传说中的这一时期的“气功家”。彭祖对气功锻炼颇有实践,《神仙传》说他“常闭气内息”,《庄子》“吹呴呼吸,吐故纳新,熊经鸟申,为寿而已矣。此导引之士、养形之人,彭祖寿考者之所好也”,道出了彭祖对导引的喜好。赤松子被道教尊为“太虚真人南岳赤君”,《淮南子》说赤松子、王乔都善于“吹呴呼吸,吐故纳新,遗形去智,抱素返真”,《诸病源候论》有借赤松子之口引出的导引法,《史记》中有张良向赤松子学辟谷的记载。王乔,字子乔,被道教尊为“右弼真人”,《淮南子》有“王子乔导引法”,后被收入《云笈七签》。

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article------>{"id":776,"cid":1,"subCid":"","title":"“气”话连篇63 | 秦及先秦“功业”建","shortTitle":"0","tagId":"","attr":"1,2","articleView":null,"source":"网络","author":"admin","description":"秦,指秦代,为公元前221年至公元前207年;先秦,是指秦代(公元前221年)之前,也就是泛指秦代之前。这一时期学界出现了“诸子蜂起,百家争鸣”的局面,古代气功随之得到发展。","img":"","content":"<p>“气”话连篇六十三——</p><p>秦及先秦“功业”建</p><p>秦,指秦代,为公元前221年至公元前207年;先秦,是指秦代(公元前221年)之前,也就是泛指秦代之前。这一时期学界出现了“诸子蜂起,百家争鸣”的局面,古代气功随之得到发展。</p><p>1、医家</p><p>这一时期医学与气功结合的最好例证是《黄帝内经》对气功的论述,由于前面已经介绍了《内经》对气功的贡献,这里我们不再详述,仅作提要如下:①确立了气功的医疗地位,将气功(书中称为“导引”)与药物(书中称为“毒药”)、针灸(书中分为九针、灸焫两法)、砭石(相当于如今的外科疗法)并列,作为当时五大医疗措施;②论述了气功的起源地域,认为“导引按蹻者,亦从中央出也”,按:这里所说的“中央”基本是指黄河中下游地区;③在理论上,提出了“呼吸精气,独立守神,肌肉若一”的练功三大原则,及“恬惔虚无,真气从之,精神内守,病安从来”的气功作用机理;④以“息积”病证为例,开创了气功与药物合用的先例,认为治疗该病当“导引服药,药不能独治也”。</p><p>除《内经》外,在其他有关书籍中也有医家以气功治病的记载。如:《史记》载中有扁鹊在救治濒死的虢太子时,综合应用了包括气功在内的挢引等方法;《春秋左传》载有医和对气的论述。</p><p>2、道家</p><p>道家“祖宗”老子、庄子对气功都有研究,而且从多个角度对气功理论、功法展开论述。老子在《道德经》中的论述,至今仍然被广泛应用,如“虚其心,实其腹”“绵绵若存,用之不勤”“致虚极,守静笃”“专气致柔,能如婴儿乎”等。庄子在《庄子》中对气功的论述也很丰富,如:在静养方面,提出“窈窈冥冥,至道之极,昏昏默默,无视无听,抱神以静,形将自正,必静必清,无劳汝形,无摇汝精,乃可以长生;目无所见,耳无所闻,心无所知,汝神将守形,形乃长生”;在动静结合方面,讲述了“吹呴呼吸,吐故纳新,熊经鸟申,为寿而已矣。此导引之士,养形之人,彭祖寿考者之所好也”;在功法方面,记载了孔子喜爱的心斋、颜回钟情的坐忘等。</p><p>3、儒家</p><p>儒家的孔子、孟子及其学生均对气功有不少实践和妙论。简单地说:孔子喜爱心斋,“若一志,无听之以耳,而听之以心,无听之以心,而听之以气。耳止于听,心止于符。气也者,虚而待物者也。唯道集虚,虚者心斋也”;孔子的大弟子颜回钟情坐忘,“堕肢体,黜聪明,离形去知,同于大通,此谓坐忘”;孟子重视功德修养,主张“养浩然之气”。但是,为什么孔子、颜回的功法仅见于道家的《庄子》,而不见于儒家诸书?对这一不寻常的现象,不知道同仁是否注意过。</p><p>4、其他诸家</p><p>除医、道、儒家外,其他各家对气功也有不少论述,如:法家的管仲在《管子》中提出了“人主安静”的思想及“精也者,气之精者也”的精气关系论,韩非在《韩非子》中有“圣人爱精神,而贵处静”“虚静无为,道之情也”的记载;杂家吕不韦《吕氏春秋》中“精神安乎形,而年寿得长焉”的静神说、“流水不腐,户枢不蠹”的动形说、“宜动则静,宜静者动”的辩证观,至今仍被气功研究者经常引用。</p><p>5、文物与传说</p><p>被认为气功史上最早具体描写练功方法的文物行气玉佩铭,据考也诞生于这一时期,郭沫若先生认为,其上面的45字铭文描写的“是深呼吸的一个回合”,并认为,其实质是“古人讲的导引,即今人所说的气功”。有兴趣者,可以参见之前发的《玉佩铭文论行气》。</p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/qigong/20220112-21-32-47_16695_1.jpg\" style=\"max-width:100%;\" class=\"w-e-selected\"><br></p><p></p><p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</p><p>彭祖、赤松子、王乔是这个传说中的这一时期的“气功家”。彭祖对气功锻炼颇有实践,《神仙传》说他“常闭气内息”,《庄子》“吹呴呼吸,吐故纳新,熊经鸟申,为寿而已矣。此导引之士、养形之人,彭祖寿考者之所好也”,道出了彭祖对导引的喜好。赤松子被道教尊为“太虚真人南岳赤君”,《淮南子》说赤松子、王乔都善于“吹呴呼吸,吐故纳新,遗形去智,抱素返真”,《诸病源候论》有借赤松子之口引出的导引法,《史记》中有张良向赤松子学辟谷的记载。王乔,字子乔,被道教尊为“右弼真人”,《淮南子》有“王子乔导引法”,后被收入《云笈七签》。</p>","status":0,"pv":695,"link":"1","createdAt":"2022-01-12T05:34:29.000Z","updatedAt":"2024-12-21T04:00:33.000Z","field":{},"tags":[]}

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